The Science Behind Glutathione + Citrulline for Athletic Excellence

New analysis on Setria® For Sport reveals combining 200mg Setria® Glutathione with 2g L-Citrulline creates highly effective synergy for nitric oxide manufacturing. Research display elevated lean mass, enhanced blood circulate, and improved endurance efficiency past both ingredient alone.

Within the ever-evolving world of sports activities vitamin, athletes and health fanatics are continuously searching for scientifically-backed substances that may safely improve their efficiency, restoration, and general outcomes. Whereas single-ingredient options have their place, many thrilling developments additionally come from synergistic mixtures that create results higher than the sum of their elements.

Enter Setria For Sport — Kyowa Hakko’s progressive pairing of 200mg Setria® Glutathione with a minimum of 2g L-Citrulline that’s placing a brand new spin on efficiency vitamin.

Setria For Sport: Serving to Nitric Oxide Final Longer

Setria® L-Glutathione isn’t simply any glutathione ingredient, it’s a clinically-researched type of L-glutathione manufactured to exceptionally excessive requirements by Kyowa Hakko Bio Co., Ltd. Because the physique’s strongest endogenous antioxidant, glutathione performs important roles in detoxing, immune operate, and mobile safety. However when mixed with L-citrulline, an amino acid that serves as a precursor to nitric oxide (NO) by means of L-arginine, one thing outstanding occurs: enhanced nitric oxide manufacturing and signaling that may profit athletes throughout a number of efficiency metrics.

Setria For Sport stands out because of the highly effective synergy between these two substances. Whereas individually useful, analysis has proven that the mix creates enhanced results on blood circulate / vasodilation, nitric oxide manufacturing, and physique composition higher than both ingredient can obtain alone.^[1] This highly effective duo represents a secure, science-backed strategy to supplementation that addresses a number of features of athletic efficiency.

Glutathione is among the strongest antioxidants within the physique.

On this information, we’ll discover the science behind Setria For Sport, the person roles of glutathione and L-citrulline, and the way their mixture creates distinctive advantages for athletes and energetic people. We’ll study the analysis that helps these advantages and supply sensible suggestions to include the mix into your supplementation stack or subsequent product method.

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Earlier than stepping into the mixture, it’s finest to start out with a background on glutathione itself:

Setria®: The Science of Glutathione

Glutathione (GSH) stands because the physique’s most considerable endogenous antioxidant, incomes its repute because the “grasp antioxidant” by its important position in sustaining mobile well being. This highly effective tripeptide consists of three amino acids: glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine. Whereas the physique naturally produces glutathione, varied elements like ageing, stress, poor vitamin, and intense train can deplete its ranges, making supplementation doubtlessly useful for a lot of people.

• How Glutathione Features

  GSH operates by a number of key mechanisms that make it indispensable for optimum well being and efficiency:

  1. Highly effective Antioxidant Protection – Glutathione straight neutralizes free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that trigger oxidative stress, defending cells from injury throughout intense train.^[2]
  2. Regeneration of Different Antioxidants – Glutathione helps recycle different vital antioxidants like nutritional vitamins C and E, maximizing the physique’s general antioxidant capability.
  3. Cleansing Assist – The liver makes use of glutathione to bind to and take away toxins, heavy metals, and different dangerous compounds from the physique, a course of athletes profit from when expelling exercise-induced metabolic waste merchandise.
  4. Mobile Protection and Restore – Glutathione maintains the integrity of mobile elements, together with proteins and lipids, whereas supporting DNA synthesis and restore.
  5. Immune Perform Enhancement – Glutathione performs a vital position in correct immune operate, together with T-cell proliferation and pure killer cell exercise.^[2]

• Advantages of Optimum Glutathione Ranges

  Sustaining optimum glutathione ranges gives quite a few benefits for energetic people:

  • Enhanced Restoration – By combating oxidative stress attributable to intense train, glutathione might assist reduce muscle injury and speed up restoration between coaching classes.
  • Improved Immune Perform – Athletes with increased glutathione ranges might expertise fewer coaching interruptions as a consequence of sickness, as GSH helps pure killer cell exercise and correct immune response.
  • Decreased Irritation – Glutathione helps regulate inflammatory responses, doubtlessly decreasing exercise-induced irritation that may impair restoration and efficiency.
  • Assist for Nitric Oxide Perform – Important for athletes, glutathione helps stabilize nitric oxide, enhancing its useful results on blood circulate and oxygen supply to working muscle groups.^[1]
  • Mobile Power Manufacturing – Glutathione protects mitochondria (the cell’s energy crops) from oxidative injury, doubtlessly supporting extra environment friendly power manufacturing throughout train.
  

  Medical analysis demonstrates Setria® delivers spectacular will increase in glutathione ranges throughout a number of physique tissues, doubles pure killer cell exercise, and requires constant supplementation for maintained advantages. A really evidence-based ingredient alternative.^[2]

  Analysis demonstrates that glutathione supplementation can successfully enhance physique shops of this important antioxidant. A six-month randomized managed trial confirmed that each day consumption of glutathione dietary supplements elevated GSH ranges by 30-35% in erythrocytes, plasma, and lymphocytes; and 360% in buccal cells in comparison with baseline in blood, erythrocytes, plasma.^[2] This confirms that oral supplementation with a high quality L-glutathione complement, akin to Setria®, supplies a viable technique for enhancing the physique’s glutathione standing.

L-Citrulline: The Good Companion

L-Citrulline is a non-essential amino acid named after citrullus, the Latin phrase for watermelon, the place it was first found in excessive concentrations. Although the physique can produce L-citrulline naturally, supplementation supplies extra advantages, particularly for athletes and energetic people searching for to boost efficiency and restoration.

• The Nitric Oxide Pathway

  L-Citrulline works by the next pathway:^[3]

  1. When consumed, L-citrulline bypasses the liver’s first-pass metabolism and enters the bloodstream effectively.
  2. It then travels to the kidneys, the place it converts to L-arginine, the direct precursor to nitric oxide (NO).
  3. This conversion creates a recycling pathway often called the citrulline-NO cycle, the place NOS (nitric oxide synthase) enzymes rework L-arginine into NO and L-citrulline.

  This cycle continues with the newly fashioned L-citrulline changing again to L-arginine, making a sustainable provide of NO precursors.

  Nitric oxide serves as a potent vasodilator that relaxes blood vessels, enhancing blood circulate and oxygen supply to muscle tissues. This course of proves important for train efficiency, restoration, and general cardiovascular well being.

• Why L-Citrulline Supplementation Outperforms L-Arginine

  

  This tripeptide powerhouse represents your physique’s main protection in opposition to oxidative stress and toxins. Whereas naturally produced, glutathione ranges decline with age, poor food regimen, and environmental stressors, making supplementation more and more beneficial.

  Regardless of L-arginine’s direct position in NO manufacturing, L-citrulline gives a number of benefits as a complement:

  1. Superior Bioavailability – Oral L-arginine undergoes intensive breakdown within the intestines and liver, with roughly 40% degraded throughout first-pass metabolism. L-citrulline avoids this destiny, reaching the bloodstream intact.^[4]
  2. Extra Efficient at Elevating Arginine Ranges – Research present that L-citrulline supplementation will increase plasma L-arginine concentrations extra successfully than an equal dose of L-arginine itself.^[4]
  3. Sustained NO Manufacturing – L-citrulline creates a longer-lasting elevation of plasma arginine ranges in comparison with direct L-arginine supplementation, offering prolonged NO manufacturing advantages.
  4. Arginase Bypass – L-citrulline isn’t affected by the enzyme arginase, which breaks down L-arginine within the intestine and liver. This permits extra environment friendly conversion to NO the place it issues most — within the blood vessels and muscle tissue.
  5. Higher Efficiency Advantages – Analysis demonstrates that L-citrulline supplementation improves oxygen uptake kinetics and high-intensity train efficiency in ways in which L-arginine supplementation doesn’t.^[3]

  These benefits make L-citrulline a perfect element within the Setria For Sport method, working alongside glutathione to maximise nitric oxide manufacturing and stability.

Setria For Sport: The Synergistic Mixture

The wedding of L-citrulline and glutathione creates a synergistic impact much more highly effective than utilizing both ingredient alone. This mixture works by complementary pathways that improve nitric oxide (NO) manufacturing, bioavailability, and stability — delivering advantages that exceed easy addition of their particular person results.

• Complementary Mechanisms

  When mixed, these compounds create a multi-faceted strategy to NO enhancement:

  

  Combining Setria® Glutathione with L-Citrulline delivers considerably increased nitrate concentrations than both ingredient alone or placebo. This interprets to enhanced blood circulate, nutrient supply, and potential efficiency enhancements for athletes.^[1]

  1. Elevated Substrate Availability – As described above, L-citrulline successfully raises plasma L-arginine ranges, offering extra uncooked materials for nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes to supply NO.
  2. Enhanced NO Stability – As soon as NO is produced, glutathione acts as a robust protector in opposition to oxidative injury. GSH kinds S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), which serves as a secure NO service and reservoir within the physique.^[5]
  3. Amplified NOS Exercise – Glutathione stimulates complete L-arginine turnover and will increase NOS exercise, leading to higher NO manufacturing from obtainable L-arginine.^[1]
  4. Decreased NO Degradation – Glutathione’s potent antioxidant capabilities neutralize reactive oxygen species that might in any other case degrade NO, extending its half-life and organic exercise.

• The Biochemical Benefit

  The ability of this mixture lies in addressing a number of limiting elements in NO manufacturing concurrently:

  • L-citrulline elevates plasma arginine in a means that direct arginine supplementation can’t, making a sustained provide of NO precursors.
  • Glutathione upregulates the NOS pathway and protects NO from oxidative response.
  • Collectively, they create a steady cycle of NO manufacturing and safety, sustaining increased ranges of bioavailable NO for longer durations.
  

  Photographs courtesy Kyowa Hakko, the sponsor of this text

  This synergistic relationship helps clarify why the precise mixture of 200mg of Setria® Glutathione with 2g of L-citrulline present in Setria For Sport reveals such promising results in scientific analysis. The mixture addresses each the manufacturing and preservation of nitric oxide, making for a dual-action strategy that gives advantages starting from enhanced blood circulate, elevated lean muscle mass relationship with power positive aspects and cardiovascular assist.

Moderately than simply including two useful substances collectively, Setria For Sport leverages their biochemical synergy to create a compound impact, the place 1 + 1 = 3 by way of physiological impression.

Now let’s see the analysis on these two collectively:

Analysis-Backed Advantages

The mixture of L-citrulline and glutathione present in Setria For Sport has been investigated in a number of scientific research, every revealing distinct advantages for various populations. Let’s study the analysis supporting this highly effective mixture and the precise benefits it gives athletes and energetic people.

• McKinley-Barnard et al. (2015): Establishing the Basis

  The groundbreaking 2015 examine by McKinley-Barnard and colleagues first demonstrated the synergistic results of mixing L-citrulline and glutathione on nitric oxide biomarkers. Researchers carried out a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the results of placebo, L-citrulline (2g), glutathione (1g), and the mix of L-citrulline (2g) with glutathione (200mg).^[1]

  

  Whereas placebo and single substances present declining nitric oxide ranges post-exercise, the Setria® and L-Citrulline mixture maintains elevated NO manufacturing properly after your exercise ends. This synergy explains why critical athletes are turning to this highly effective pairing.^[1]

  The outcomes had been thrilling:^[1]

  • Whereas L-citrulline alone elevated plasma arginine, the mixture with glutathione was only at rising plasma nitrite and nitric oxide metabolites (NOx).
  • The mixed supplementation considerably elevated plasma nitrite and NOx concentrations half-hour after train, whereas neither complement alone achieved this impact.
  • The analysis crew concluded that “combining L-citrulline with GSH augments will increase in nitrite and NOx ranges throughout in vitro and in vivo situations.”

  This examine established the scientific basis for the Setria For Sport mixture, proving that the 2 substances work synergistically to spice up nitric oxide manufacturing past what both can obtain individually.

• Hwang et al. (2018): Lean Mass and Efficiency Assist

  Constructing on the preliminary findings, Hwang and colleagues carried out an 8-week examine inspecting how the L-citrulline + glutathione mixture impacts physique composition and efficiency when paired with resistance coaching. Their randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial concerned 75 resistance-trained males divided into three teams: placebo, L-citrulline malate, or L-citrulline (2g) + glutathione (200mg).^[5]

  Key findings included:^[5]

  

  The mixture of glutathione and citrulline considerably elevated lean muscle after simply 4 weeks of resistance coaching, outperforming each placebo and citrulline malate alone.^[5]

  • The L-citrulline + glutathione group skilled important will increase in lean mass in comparison with placebo after 4 weeks of resistance coaching.
  • A major correlation between lean mass and muscle power was noticed solely within the L-citrulline + glutathione group, suggesting this mixture uniquely helps the connection between muscle development and useful power.
  • No antagonistic results had been reported, confirming the security profile of this mixture for each day use.

  This examine demonstrated the sensible utility of the Setria For Sport method for resistance coaching athletes searching for enhancements in physique composition and efficiency.

• Figueroa et al. (2023): Cardiovascular Well being Advantages

  A 2023 examine by Figueroa and colleagues examined the mix’s results on vascular operate and blood strain in postmenopausal ladies. This randomized, managed trial in contrast the results of L-citrulline (6g), mixed L-citrulline (2g) + glutathione (200mg), and placebo over 4 weeks.^[6]

  

  Circulate-mediated dilation, a marker of blood vessel well being, improved considerably with glutathione plus citrulline supplementation however not with citrulline alone or placebo.^[6]

  The examine revealed vital cardiovascular advantages:^[6]

  • The L-citrulline + glutathione mixture considerably improved flow-mediated dilation (FMD), a measure of endothelial operate and vascular well being.
  • Blood strain reactivity to emphasize (chilly pressor take a look at) was considerably attenuated within the mixture group in comparison with each placebo and L-citrulline alone.
  • The researchers concluded that “This examine confirmed that CIT+GSH improved FMD and attenuated systolic BP and MAP (imply arterial strain) reactivity in PMW (postmenopausal ladies).”

  These findings spotlight the mix’s potential advantages for cardiovascular well being and stress response, extending its purposes past purely athletic efficiency.

• Cabre et al. (2023): Endurance Efficiency Enhancement

  The newest examine by Cabre et al. examined how L-citrulline + glutathione impacts endurance efficiency in skilled males. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover examine in contrast placebo in opposition to L-citrulline (2g) + glutathione (200mg).^[7]

  Their findings reveal vital advantages for endurance athletes:^[7]

  

  Muscle tissue maintained increased oxygen ranges all through severe-intensity train with citrulline supplementation. This improved oxygenation helps the ingredient’s vasodilation and blood circulate advantages.^[3]

  • Blood circulate was considerably augmented half-hour post-exercise within the L-citrulline + glutathione group in comparison with placebo.
  • Plasma concentrations of L-citrulline and L-arginine had been considerably elevated instantly post-exercise and half-hour post-exercise following supplementation.
  • Tissue oxygenation index was considerably improved throughout train within the mixture group.
  • The researchers famous that “acute ingestion of SPB [Setria Performance Blend]* after eight days might improve blood circulate, L-citrulline, and L-arginine plasma concentrations after high-intensity train, which can improve efficiency.”

    *Setria Efficiency Mix is now known as Setria for Sport

  This examine demonstrates the precise advantages for endurance athletes, particularly by way of improved blood circulate, oxygen supply, and restoration capability following high-intensity train.

Collectively, these 4 research construct a complete image of how the distinctive mixture of L-citrulline and glutathione in Setria For Sport advantages nitric oxide manufacturing, blood circulate, and vascular well being, even exhibiting enhancements in physique composition. The analysis persistently reveals benefits over both ingredient alone or placebo.

Moreover, prior analysis has related nitric oxide and blood circulate enhancements to efficiency and restoration, which we hope to see examined straight in future Setria for Sport analysis.

Athletic Functions

The research-backed advantages of Setria For Sport translate into particular purposes for varied kinds of athletes. Understanding how and when to make use of the mix can assist maximize its effectiveness to your coaching objectives.

Combining Setria® Glutathione with L-Citrulline delivers considerably increased nitrate concentrations than both ingredient alone or placebo. This interprets to enhanced blood circulate, nutrient supply, and potential efficiency enhancements for athletes.^[1]

• For Endurance Athletes

  Endurance athletes can profit from the improved oxygen kinetics and enhanced blood circulate that Setria For Sport supplies. Cyclists, runners, swimmers, and triathletes might expertise:

  • Quicker oxygen uptake throughout high-intensity efforts
  • Improved tissue oxygenation throughout extended train
  • Enhanced blood circulate for higher nutrient supply and waste elimination
  • Decreased cardiovascular stress response throughout intense coaching

  For optimum outcomes, endurance athletes ought to complement each day, taking Setria For Sport roughly 60-90 minutes earlier than coaching classes.

• For Energy and Energy Athletes

  Energy athletes, bodybuilders, and power-focused opponents can leverage Setria For Sport for:

  • Elevated lean mass improvement when mixed with resistance coaching
  • Enhanced muscle pump and nutrient supply to working muscle groups
  • Improved restoration between intense units
  • Higher strength-to-muscle mass correlation

  Energy athletes ought to take into account each day supplementation with pre-workout doses timed 60 minutes earlier than coaching classes.

• Potential Restoration Functions

  

  Oral glutathione supplementation considerably enhanced pure killer cell exercise and supported lymphocyte proliferation after three months. These enhancements in immune operate display advantages past primary antioxidant safety.^[2]

  Past efficiency enhancement, Setria For Sport gives nitric oxide manufacturing enhancement, and will increase in NO manufacturing supply each efficiency enhancement and beneficial restoration advantages. This might probably result in:

  • Enhanced blood circulate for quicker clearance of metabolic waste merchandise
  • Decreased oxidative stress from intense train
  • Assist for immune operate throughout heavy coaching durations
  • Improved vascular response to exercise-induced stress

  For recovery-focused purposes, take into account taking Setria For Sport instantly after coaching or earlier than mattress to assist in a single day restoration processes.

• Advisable Protocol

  For many athletes, a each day protocol works finest:

  • Every day dose: 200mg Setria® Glutathione + 2g L-citrulline
  • Timing: 60-90 minutes earlier than train on coaching days
  • Consistency: Preserve each day supplementation even on relaxation days to maintain nitric oxide manufacturing optimized
  • Length: Research present advantages starting inside days, with optimum outcomes after 4-8 weeks of constant use

Security Concerns

One of many standout options of Setria For Sport is a superb security profile, making it applicable for constant use as a part of a long-term supplementation technique.

Oral glutathione at 1000mg each day considerably boosted GSH concentrations in plasma, lymphocytes, and notably buccal cells, the place ranges jumped over 260% from baseline. The washout interval demonstrates supplementation have to be ongoing for sustained advantages.^[2]

• Security Endpoints in Analysis

  A number of scientific research have confirmed the security of each L-citrulline and glutathione, with no important antagonistic results reported when used as directed:

  • Hwang et al. discovered “no antagonistic results on blood scientific security markers” of their 8-week examine with resistance-trained males.^[5]
  • A protracted six-month trial of oral glutathione by Richie et al. confirmed “GSH was extremely tolerated and its administration was not related to any indicators of antagonistic results.”^[2]
  • Blood chemistry markers, together with liver and kidney operate exams, stay unaffected even with prolonged use.

  These findings affirm that Setria For Sport will be safely included into each day supplementation routines with out considerations about antagonistic reactions.

• Advisable Dosing

  The clinically efficient dose proven in analysis is:

  • 200mg of Setria® Glutathione
  • 2g of L-citrulline

  This particular ratio has been examined in a number of research. Nevertheless, many dietary supplements, together with the 2 under, make the most of extra citrulline, as is commonplace within the pre-workout class.

Setria For Sport Merchandise to Strive

Many merchandise comprise Setria® Glutathione, and we’ve lined a few pre-workout dietary supplements on the PricePlow Weblog that use it with L-citruline:

• Ghost Pump

  

  Learn extra about Ghost Pump on the PricePlow Weblog

  Ghost Pump delivers a stimulant-free pre-workout expertise constructed round 6 grams of L-citrulline paired with 200mg of Setria® L-glutathione in its V2 formulation. This highly effective pump method packs 3 grams of arginine nitrate (NO3-T) to additional amplify blood circulate advantages, making a multi-pathway strategy to vasodilation.

  Ghost’s strategic V2 included PureWay-C (vitamin C) to synergize with Setria, and pine bark extract (95% proanthocyanidins) for extra blood circulate assist. The method additionally options 2 grams of taurine and AstraGin for improved ingredient absorption. Ghost Pump can be utilized as a standalone pre-workout for stimulant-free coaching or successfully stacked with Ghost Legend for a whole pre-workout expertise.

  GHOST Pump – Offers and Worth Drop Alerts

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  Disclosure: PricePlow depends on pricing from shops with which we’ve a enterprise relationship. We work onerous to maintain pricing present, however it’s possible you’ll discover a higher supply.

  Posts are sponsored partially by the retailers and/or manufacturers listed on this web page.

• ZOA+ Pre-Exercise

  

  ZOA+ Pre-Exercise is Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson’s premium efficiency method that includes 4 grams of L-citrulline with 200mg of Setria® L-glutathione. This NSF Licensed for Sport complement ensures athletes can practice with confidence, understanding they’re utilizing a product free from banned substances.

  ZOA+ delivers complete efficiency assist with scientific doses of beta-alanine (3.2g), betaine anhydrous (1.25g), and CON-CRĒT Creatine HCl (1g). The method is rounded out with 200mg of pure caffeine, L-tyrosine (800mg), Alpha-GPC (200mg from 400mg of fifty%), and supporting substances like ginkgo biloba and guayusa extract. The product additionally features a full B-vitamin advanced and electrolytes from sodium and potassium citrate, making it a well-rounded pre-workout possibility.

  ZOA + Most Efficiency Pre-Exercise – Offers and Worth Drop Alerts

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  No spam, no scams.

  Disclosure: PricePlow depends on pricing from shops with which we’ve a enterprise relationship. We work onerous to maintain pricing present, however it’s possible you’ll discover a higher supply.

  Posts are sponsored partially by the retailers and/or manufacturers listed on this web page.

Conclusion: Setria for Sport Brings Vital Synergy

The mixture of Setria® Glutathione and L-citrulline is a secure and efficacious development in sports activities vitamin supplementation. This progressive pairing creates synergistic results that improve nitric oxide manufacturing and stability past what both ingredient can obtain alone.

Katie Emerson and Tony Miano of Kyowa Hakko be a part of PricePlow to debate the most recent Cognizin and Setria analysis developments at Expo West 2025 in Episode #163.

The research-backed advantages of Setria For Sport embody:

• Enhanced nitric oxide manufacturing with longer-lasting results
• Improved blood circulate and tissue oxygenation throughout train
• Decreased blood strain and higher cardiovascular response to emphasize
• Assist for lean mass improvement when mixed with resistance coaching
• Enhanced efficiency in each endurance and strength-based actions

These advantages stem from the complementary mechanisms by which glutathione and L-citrulline work collectively: L-citrulline will increase the substrate for NO manufacturing whereas glutathione protects and extends NO bioavailability.

In the meantime, the flexibility of Setria For Sport makes it applicable for practically any energetic particular person, no matter coaching fashion or efficiency objectives. Whether or not you’re a power athlete, endurance competitor, or just an energetic grownup, the Setria + citrulline mixture can present advantages.

Don’t Miss Our Podcast from Expo West 2025

Cognizin® Citicoline is dubbed the The Mind Choline not simply because it supplies choline, however as a result of it additionally provides cytidine, which can be wanted for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine

For a deeper dive into the continuing analysis on Setria For Sport, we advocate testing our latest podcast interview with Katie Emerson and Tony Miano from Kyowa Hakko, recorded at Expo West. Katie, Senior Supervisor of Scientific Affairs at Kyowa Hakko, discusses the most recent research inspecting this highly effective mixture, together with newly found mechanisms and purposes in sports activities vitamin.

Similar to we’ve seen with Cognizin® citicoline, Setria For Sport stands as a testomony to Kyowa Hakko’s dedication to research-backed innovation. They’ve created a synergistic strategy to efficiency enhancement that addresses a number of physiological pathways.

For those who’re trying to improve your coaching efficiency, assist your restoration, or optimize your physique composition, Setria For Sport gives a scientifically validated resolution backed by a number of scientific research and Kyowa Hakko’s famend high quality requirements.